What is important to know about Intellectual Awakening and Socio-Political Changes?

The five cardinal principles of Confucius' ethics are Humaneness, Righteousness, Propriety, Wisdom and Trustworthiness.

What is important to know about Intellectual Awakening and Socio-Political Changes?

The superior man of Confucius possesses three virtues: intelligence, courage and goodwill.

What is important to know about Intellectual Awakening and Socio-Political Changes?

Lao-Tse, born in 604 BCE, was 53 years older than Confucius; his book Tao Teh Ching is a guide to the conduct of life.

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Intellectual Awakening and Socio-Political Changes

20 Key Points

10 MCQs

Study Material

A new civilisation developed in northern India with the revival of trade and urbanisation during the sixth century BCE. It was a period of exceptional material, cultural and intellectual development, when great thinkers lived: Confucius and Lao-Tse in China, Zoroaster in Iran, and Mahavira and Buddha in India. The same age saw the rise of kingdoms, of Magadha, and later of the Mauryan Empire.

1. Thinkers of the Sixth Century BCE at a Glance

Thinker	Country	Faith / Philosophy	Key Text or Idea
Confucius	China	Confucianism	Five cardinal principles; the superior man
Lao-Tse	China	Taoism	Tao Teh Ching
Zoroaster	Persia	Zoroastrianism	Zend Avesta; Ahura Mazda
Mahavira	India	Jainism	Tri-ratnas
Buddha	India	Buddhism	Four Great Truths; Noble Eight-fold Path
Gosala	India	Ajivika	Rejected the karma theory

Key Points (20)

1
The five cardinal principles of Confucius' ethics are Humaneness, Righteousness, Propriety, Wisdom and Trustworthiness.
2
The superior man of Confucius possesses three virtues: intelligence, courage and goodwill.
3
Lao-Tse, born in 604 BCE, was 53 years older than Confucius; his book Tao Teh Ching is a guide to the conduct of life.

Practice MCQs (10)

Test your knowledge with these practice questions.

Q1. The Ajivika sect, which rejected the karma theory, was founded by:

A. Gosala

B. Nagarjuna

C. Upagupta

D. Parshvanath

Q2. Consider the following statements about the Tri-ratnas of Jainism: 1. Right knowledge means accepting that there is no God and that the world existed without a creator. 2. Right action refers to the observance of five great vows, including ahimsa and truthfulness. 3. Right faith refers to following the Noble Eight-fold Path. Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Q3. According to Confucius, the superior man possesses which three virtues?

A. Humaneness, propriety and wisdom

B. Intelligence, courage and goodwill

C. Faith, knowledge and action

D. Purity of thought, word and deed

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