The sixth century BCE saw the rise of many territorial states in north India. It changed the socio-economic and political life of the people in the Gangetic plains, and a new intellectual awakening, represented by Mahavira and Gautama Buddha, began in northern India. Out of the sixteen Mahajanapadas, Magadha grew into an empire, and under the Mauryas it became the first largest empire in India.
1. Role of Iron in a Changing Society
- Iron played a significant role in the transformation of society.
- The fertile soil of the Gangetic Valley and the use of iron ploughshares improved agricultural productivity.
- Iron also facilitated craft production.
- Agrarian surplus and more craft products led to trading and exchange centres, which in turn paved the way for the rise of towns and cities.
- Knowledge in the use of iron gave Magadha an advantage over other Mahajanapadas, so it could establish an empire of its own.